Grammar: The Vocative Case

The vocative case is used when addressing someone by their first name, family name, title or whatever.

Masculine nouns have many different endings in the vocative case.

Masculine words ending in -as

Addressing someone by their first name or family name:
-as becomes -ai
(Petras becomes Petrai)
(Paulauskas becomes Paulauskai)

If you use a common noun:
-as becomes -e
(studentas becomes studente)
(docentas becomes docente)

If the word ends in -tojas or ėjas:
-as becomes -au
(mokytojas becomes mokytojau)
(pardavejas becomes pardavejau)

Often a diminutive form is used, if the word ends in -ukas:
-ukas becomes -uk
(berniukas becomes berniuk)
(Jonukas becomes Jonuk)

Masculine words with other endings:
-is becomes -i
(brolis becomes broli)
(Algis becomes Algi or Algiuk)

-ys becomes -y
(mokinys becomes mokiny)
(Stasys becomes Stasy or Stasiuk)

-us becomes -au
(profesorius becomes profesoriau)
(Saulius becomes Sauliau or Saliuk)

Feminine nouns:

-a has no change
(The stress may change, if the stress is on the ending in the nominative, it moves to the beginning in the vocative)

-ė becomes -e
(Eglė becomes Egle)

Grammar: The Locative Case

The locative case is most commonly used to indicate the 'place where' or 'location'.

It is never used with a preposition, and is always used on it's own.

The locative case always ends with -e, but there are many different endings depending on the noun.


If the noun ends in -ė, add -je (aikštė becomes aikštėje)
If the noun ends in -a, change the -a- into -o- and add -je (šiema becomes šiemoje)
If the noun ends in -as, replace it with -e (miestas becomes mieste)
If the noun ends in -us or -ys, remove the -s and add -je (kambarys becomes kambaryje)
If the noun ends in -is, replace it with -yje (viešbutis becomes viešbutje)

Londonas/Londone (London/in London)
aikštė/aikštėje (square/in the square)
šeima/šeimoje (family/in the family)
Vilnius/Vilniuje (Vilnius/in Vilnius)
kambarys/kambaryje (room/in the room)
viešbutis/viešbutje (hotel, in the hotel)

In spoken Lithuanian, the -e of the locative is often dropped when it follows -j-.

The locative case does not include any sense of motion; in other words, it never means 'into' or 'to'.

Grammar: The Genitive Case

SINGULAR

Feminine:
-a → -os (Amerika → Amerikos, Anglija → Anglijos)
-ė → -ės (studentė → studentės)

Masculine:-as → -o (Londonas → Londono)
-is → -io (Briuselis → Bruselio)
-ys → -io (Pasvalys → Pasvalio)
-us → -aus (Vilnius → Vilniaus)

-uo type nouns
vanduo  → vandens
šuo → šuns

duktė also acts this way:

duktė → dukters

PLURAL

The genitive plural always ends in ų
(Druskininkai → Druskininkų)

This place name is like "Athens", and is always in the plural.



USES

NUMBERS:

• The genitive is always used with all numbers between 10 and 20 and all numbers in the 10s and the 100s (e.g. 10, 20, 30, 100, 200, 300 ..) 

E.g. 10 mašinų, 13 namų, 19 studentų, 30 namų, 40 stalų.

VERBS IN THE NEGATIVE:

Many verbs are used with the accusative in the positive, like:
turėti, mylėti, mėgti, ruošti, rašyti, skaityti, žinoti, pasitikti, palydėti, duoti

When they are negated (by adding ne- to the beginning), they are used in the genitive.

E.g. turiu namą → neturiu  namo
skaito kyngą → neskaito knygos
myli brolį → nemyli brolio
mėgstu kavą → nemėgstu kavos

SPACIAL RELATIONSHIPS:

• iš + genitive = from, out of
• iki + genitive = until, as far as
• prie + genitive = by, near
• šalia + genitive = by, near 
• vidury + genitive = in the middle of
• virš + genitive = above
• už + genitive = behind, beyond
• tarp + genitive = between
• ant + gen = on

VERBS:

• klausti + genitive = to ask for something
• laukti/palaukti + genitive = to wait for 
• išlipti iš + genitive = to get out of 
• mokyti (+  accusative of whom taught + genitive of what taught)
• gydyti (+ accusative of whom cured + genitive of what cured from)
• versti iš + genitive = to translate from (į + accusative = into)
• traukti + genitive (to be lacking something + dative of who is lacking)